Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 20-100 cm. Stems 1-several, often forming rounded mounds, puberulent to loosely tomentose. Leaves puberulent to loosely gray-tomentose, becoming ± glabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10-20 cm, 1-3 times pinnately dissected, rosette with central cluster of spines; mid sessile, not decurrent, blades ovate, usually less than 10 cm, narrowly lobed; distal blades linear to oblong, entire to shallowly lobed. Heads disciform, borne singly or in leafy cymiform arrays, sessile or short-pedunculate. Involucres ovoid, 15-20 × 6-8 mm. Principal phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny fringed at base, each tipped by a stout spreading spine 10-25 mm. Inner phyllaries: appendages truncate, spineless. Florets 25-40; corollas purple, all ± equal, 15-24 mm; sterile corollas slender. Cypselae white or brown-streaked, 2.5-3.4 mm, glabrous; pappi 0. 2n = 20. Flowering summer-autumn (Jun-Nov). Pastures, fields, roadsides; 0-1700 m; Ont.; Ala., Ariz., Calif., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Iowa, Md., Mass., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., Oreg., Pa., Utah, Va., Wash.; Europe; Africa. Centaurea calcitrapa is native to southern Europe and northern Africa. It is listed as a noxious weed in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington. These plants are unpalatable and increase on rangelands as more desirable forage plants are consumed. Dense stands are impenetrable because of the vicious spines on the mature involucres.

Centaurea ×pouzinii de Candolle, an apparently stabilized hybrid between Centaurea aspera (2n = 22) and C. calcitrapa (2n = 20), has been reported from California. A chromosome count of 2n = 42 has been reported from California material of this nothospecies (A. M. Powell et al. 1974). Centaurea ×pouzinii can be distinguished from C. calcitrapa by its shorter spines and by cypselae with a short pappus. Reports of C. calcitrapoides Linnaeus from North America are apparently based on this hybrid.

Branching biennial 1-8 dm, arachnoid-villous or glabrate; lvs small, pinnatifid with narrow lobes, or the upper entire; heads numerous, narrow; invol 10-18 mm, its bracts weakly spinose-ciliate and stoutly spine-tipped, the larger spines 1-3 cm; fls few, purple; pappus none; 2n=18. Native of Europe, now widespread in the U.S. as a roadside weed. June-Sept.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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